Sunday, 9 February 2014

The dark side of our digital era...

Cyberbullying... "oh thankfully this doesn't happen to my child"....umm are you sure about that?

Cyberbullying in particular is a very passionate topic for me.  No I haven't had any direct experiences with this, but from just touching the surface, I think parents can often be in the dark; with the magnitude of cyberbullying being underestimated.  The damage that this inflicts can be detrimental, as seen by Chloe Fergusson's family.
Chloe Fergusson was a 15 year old girl who endured years of verbal and physical abuse, sadly she ended her ongoing battle of abuse both online & offline, by taking her own life...please Take a look at her story.
                        "...In Australia, about 1 in 10 teenagers have experienced some sort of bullying using technology" (Youthbeyondblue).
If you have a couple of minutes, I highly recommend you take this interactive tour through a detective's office to discover an array of information on cyberbullying - cases, online resources, facts & statistics..... http://www.cyberbullying.info/
 
Cyberbullying is similar in many ways to traditional bullying, however, the biggest difference is, digital devices provide the perpetrators with a level of anonymity; a faceless barrier or form of protection, which results in individuals having more bravado compared to face-to-face situations.  "What makes cyber bullying distinct is the use of electronic communication technology as the means through which to threaten, harass, embarrass, or socially exclude" (Mishna, Saini & Solomon 2009). 
Sometimes, all it takes is. ONE click of a button, ONE video/picture upload, ONE sentence typed...
 
FACTS & FIGURES...
  • Ages 14-17 in 2010 reported the highest rate of internet use(Queensland Government website,2013)
  • 91% of 14-17 year olds log online weekly(Queensland Government website,2013)
  • Most common type of bullying was 'hurtful teasing', followed by 'having hurtful lies told by another person' (Queensland Government website, 2013)
  • Girls were more likely to bully in covert ways, with starting ages as early as Year 3(Queensland Government website, 2013)
  • More females (64%) report being cyber victims(Queensland Government website, 2013)
  • 14 year olds most frequently reported both forms of bullying(Queensland Government website, 2013)
  • 83% of cyber victims know the bully in real life, with most going to the same school and wait for it....most victims described their bully as a 'friend - not an acquaintance'(Queensland Government website, 2013)
  • Social networking, MSN, text & email are most common mediums for cyber bullying(Queensland Government website, 2013)
  • 54% strongly or somewhat agree they 'worry about someone hacking' into their social networking pages and 35% 'worry about what others know about them from their social networking'(Queensland Government website, 2013)

The problem and the solution...
This is how I see it...Adults need to take responsibility for kids and their wellbeing.  According to the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, "Adults are responsible to protect children from all forms of physical and mental violence, injury or abuse" (cited in Mishna, Saini & Solomon 2009).  Adults can't bury their 'ignorant' or 'too busy' heads in the sand - parents especially need to make the time to educate and monitor their children in all facets of their online activities and behaviour. 
And on the other end of the spectrum;  parents need to put rules, practices, blocks and whatever else it takes to prevent and protect!  This means adults need to be educated themselves in the digital world, as well as understanding the enormity of it; adolescents are using this as their number one avenue for communication, interaction, entertainment, self-presentation, learning strategies and socialising (Mishna, Saini & Solomon 2009). 
"...cyber bullying can only really be understood and addressed within the context of the new world of cyber space" (Mishna, Saini & Solomon 2009).
 
To avoid other kids ending their troubles like Chloe Ferguson, adults need to go back to basics and teach kids the importance of face-to-face communication. Kids need to be capable of going to someone and communicating their problems and thoughts.  And might I add, this capability has to be taught away from text messages, emails, instant messages, blogs and social networking sites.   Today's technology invites youth to 'talk through devices', to avoid awkward/uncomfortable interactions and instead control their communications via the digital world, but social media is not going to fix deep, personal problems - humans help fix these. Parents need to remove the control from social media and gain some back!
The internet is a powerful tool for bully's, extremists, and terrorists (Gerstenfeld, Grant & Chiang 2003).  The scope and opportunity that the digital world brings fuels all different kinds of 'hate' groups and individuals, supplying them with greater power and far greater geographical reach.  The best way to counteract this as a parent is to constantly monitor and control online activity and as an individual; have good security measures, be aware of who you're interacting with and what you are sharing and lastly be conscious of the power you are supplying others with, by your online presence. And, don't forget bully's don't limit their victims to adolescents; many adults are subjected to some form of online taunting also...

reachout.com - is a website created to advise and offer resources to anyone suffering from cyber abuse, such as eheadspace.org.au, kidshelp.com.au, http://www.lifeline.org.au/
Also, this online fact and information sheet could be helpful to victims
Youth beyondblue fact sheet  

I sign out on this note, please watch and share this proof of the dark side of social media. (Beware it displays self-harming)  

 

References


Anon., 2013. 60 Minutes. [Online]
Available at: http://sixtyminutes.ninemsn.com.au/article.aspx?id=8751742
[Accessed 5 February 2014].



Anon., 2013. Queensland Government. [Online]
Available at: http://www.qld.gov.au/disability/children-young-people/bullying/facts.html
[Accessed 5 February 2014].

Anon., 2014. Australian Human Rights Commission. [Online]
Available at: http://www.humanrights.gov.au/cyberbullying-what-it-and-how-get-help-violence-harassment-and-bullying-fact-sheet
[Accessed 5 February 2014].

Anon., n.d. Cyberbullying. [Online]
Available at: http://www.youthbeyondblue.com/factsheets-and-info/fact-sheet-23-cyberbullying/
[Accessed 5 February 2014].

Gerstenfeld, P. B., Grant, D. R. & Chiang, C.-P., 2003. Hate Online: A Content Analysis of Extremist Internet Sites. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 3(1), pp. 29-44.

Mishna, F., Saini, M. & Solomon, S., 2009. Ongoing and online: Children and youth's perceptions of cyber bullying. Children and Youth Services Review, December, 31(12), pp. 1222 - 1228.

Skylinex, A., 2013. Cyber Bullying - The Effects (Short Film). [Online]
Available at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C7ztnN_wpUk
[Accessed 6 February 2014].

Webster, C., 2004. Cyberbullying.info. [Online]
Available at: http://www.cyberbullying.info/about.php
[Accessed 5 February 2014].

 




 




 



 
 
 

Sunday, 2 February 2014

Produser, user, creator, editor, publisher....which is it?!


The world where producers and consumers collide....
               ..."transforming how knowledge gets produced and how culture gets generated at the present moment" (Jenkins 2008). 

Produsage... is exactly this; producer and user combined!  Or defined in a little more detail ..."The collaborative and continuous building and extending of existing content in pursuit of further improvement" (Bruns, cited in Jenkins 2008).
Examples of this is wikipedia, blogs, mash-ups and YouTube clips as well as more alternative avenues that allow users to create their own virtual reality through online characters, interactions and games.
Through my research on this topic, I came across the theory blog and I'd like to share how this particular post referred to produsage..... "when you start contributing and sharing and connecting with the work of those who connect with yours, you're engaging in produsage"(Stewart 2012).  But, beware to not limit produsage to only two-way interaction processes....
  • It may be a one-way interaction where you might simply view someone else's contribution to the digital world, such as a YouTube clip to find out how to DIY etc. or looking up wikipedia to find out what something is or means from another's perspective (keep in mind reliability of source...)  
  • Or, it may be a way for you to promote your own material/creative flares by posting/sharing a music clip or a created product; many business opportunities...
  • A form of interaction and communication, connecting users with others through different mediums of produsage
  • Used as a virtual simulation; giving opportunity to create and control your world

Produsage is in line with Henry Jenkins theory of participatory culture, whereby he conveys that the key principles behind participatory culture are "low barriers to participation, strong support for sharing, informal mentorship, members who feel that their contributions matter" (Costanza-Chock, 2012).  Here are some examples...

online video-sharing website
such as Facebook, Twitter, Flickr, Instagram...these users are content creators and consumers simultaneously
a site where all can add and supply information to others - covers all topics & genres
a music site that allows individuals to remix music collaborative style
that invite others to comment and voice opinions on topics, encourages communication
allows users to collect and reproduce articles from the web
journalism websites/online communities where all can come and socialise, interact and self-express.  You can provide any form of information through a blog, journal or diary style
a NASA experimental project that users public volunteers
an online simulation video game, where you create and participate in online communities
a magazine that offers ordinary citizens to freely access, communicate and interact their ideas and thoughts
online sites that provide users with opportunity to create a website or blog

"More than one-half of all teens have created media content, and roughly one-third of teens who use the Internet have shared content they produced" (Jenkins, 2009).
 I have started to participate in produsage through my online studies; ranging from interactions on user-created threads in discussion boards, creating and publishing my own blog through to engaging in research through other forms of 'produsage' such as YouTube.  Through this active participation, I have shared my thoughts and ideas with the entire world!  This is somewhat liberating and at the same time, the participation back from other users such as comments and further discussions fuels me to keep going.  I feel the more that I share, the more I will receive back from others which gives me a bit of a 'warm and fuzzy' feeling; a connected feeling, a sense of belonging.  I have to say, I am little surprised by this, as I was quite the pessimist when it came to online activity!  I viewed online participation as purely a socialising tool and was a strong believer that there were no real benefits or valid reasons of why people should participate in these time wasting activities - I know, know... a little judgemental!  However, I've realised I wasn't that wise in my thoughts!  A large percentage of the world is already heavily involved in this kind of collaboration and online communities; it is not just a minority, nor is it the 'computer geeks'!  This is modernity and the new revolution of producing, consuming and communicating!   
 
Produsage and the future...
Currently, the media, organisations/businesses and as well as individual's are all shifting towards this trend of user-content productions; produsage.  Trendwatching.com describes this shift and its participants as a new generation, 'Generation C'.  This newly appointed generation, dictated by user-led information sharing and producing, is predicted to disintegrate traditional "beliefs, rituals, formal requirements and laws modern societies have held dear"(cited in Bruns 2007b).  This view, sees produsage in the future breaking traditional ties, industries and hierarchy structures.  Burgess (2005, cited in Snurblog 2005) see's produsage as developing the expansion of grassroots or vernacular, yet at the same time possibly creating a greater digital divide between classes. 

My thoughts...
I think produsage is facilitating a far more assessable and democratic world.  Produsage removes traditional barriers, structures, policies, rituals, rules and regulations - but why does this have to be a bad thing?  I think that encouraging users to participate and collaborate as a producer, user and consumer is possibly just what our world filled with inequality, corruption and hegemony control needs. 
 
There seems to be a pattern emerging with the digital world; wikileaks, produsage, mobile devices, and digital activism are all working towards the same goal; removing power from large corporations, governments and other authorities and instead creating transparency and accountability; placing more power with the public. 
 

 

References

 

Bruns, A., 2005. Some Exploratory Notes on Produsers and Produsage. [Online]
Available at: http://snurb.info/index.php?q=node/329
[Accessed 31 January 2014].

Bruns, A., 2007. From Production to Produsage: Research into User-Led Content Creation. [Online]
Available at: http://produsage.org/node/11
[Accessed 31 January 2014].
Bruns, A., 2007. Produsage: Towards a Broader Framework for User-Led Content Creation. Media & Communication Creative Industries Faculty, pp. 99-105.
Costanza-Chock, S., 2012. Henry Jenkins: Participatory culture, politics, and learning. [Online]
Available at: http://civic.mit.edu/blog/schock/henry-jenkins-participatory-culture-politics-and-learning
[Accessed 30 January 2014].
 
Jenkins, H., 2008. Confessions of an Aca-Fan - The Official Weblog of Henry Jenkins. [Online]
Available at: http://henryjenkins.org/2008/05/interview_with_axel_bruns.html
[Accessed 31 January 2014].
Jenkins, H., 2009. In: Confronting the Challenges of Participatory Culture. Cambridge, Massachusetts(London): The MIT Press.
Stewart, B., 2012. The theory blog. [Online]
Available at: http://theory.cribchronicles.com/2012/07/03/what-produsage-is-and-why-it-matters/
[Accessed 15 January 2014].